A. The older land-based Ottoman, Russian, and Qing empires collapsed due to a combination of internal and external factors.
Examples of internal and external factors: • Economic hardship • Political and social discontent • Technological stagnation • Military defeat B. Some colonies negotiated their independence. Examples of negotiated independence: • India from the British Empire • The Gold Coast from the British Empire C. Some colonies achieved independence through armed struggle. Examples of independence through armed struggle: • Algeria and Vietnam from the French empire • Angola from the Portuguese empire |
A. Nationalist leaders in Asia and Africa challenged imperial rule.
Examples of nationalist leaders: • Mohandas Gandhi • Ho Chi Minh • Kwame Nkrumah B. Regional, religious, and ethnic movements challenged both colonial rule and inherited imperial boundaries. Example of regional, religious, and ethnic movements: • Muhammad Ali Jinnah • The Québécois separatist movement • The Biafra secessionist movement |
A. The redrawing of old colonial boundaries led to population resettlements.
Examples of population resettlements: • The India/Pakistan partition • The Zionist Jewish settlement of Palestine • The division of the Middle East into mandatory states B. The migration of former colonial subjects to imperial metropoles maintained cultural and economic ties between the colony and the metropole even after the dissolution of empires. Examples of such migrations: •South Asians to Britain • Algerians to France • Filipinos to the United States• |
A. World War I and World War II were the first “total wars.” Governments used ideologies, including fascism, nationalism and communism, to mobilize all of their state’s resources, including peoples, both in the home countries and the colonies or former colonies, for the purpose of waging war. Governments also used a variety of strategies, including political speeches, art, media, and intensified forms of nationalism, to mobilize these populations.
Examples of mobilization of a state’s resources: • The Gurkha soldiers in India • The ANZAC troops in Australia • Military conscription |
C. The global balance of economic and political power shifted after the end of World War II and rapidly evolved into the Cold War. The United States and the Soviet Union emerged as superpowers, which led to ideological struggles between capitalism and communism throughout the globe. |