What is genocide?
The 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (article 2) defines genocide as “any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group … ”, including:
(a) Killing members of the group;
(b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;
(c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;
(d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;
(e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.
The Convention confirms that genocide, whether committed in time of peace or war, is a crime under international law which parties to the Convention undertake “to prevent and to punish” (article 1). The primary responsibility to prevent and stop genocide lies with the State in which this crime takes place. Genocide often occurs in societies in which different national, racial, ethnic or religious groups become locked in identity-related conflicts. However, it is not the differences in identity per se that generate conflict, but rather the gross inequalities associated with those differences in terms of access to power and resources, social services, development opportunities and the enjoyment of fundamental rights and freedoms. It is often the targeted group’s reactions to these inequalities, and counter-reactions by the dominant group, that generate conflict that can escalate to genocide.
Page 4: United Nations Prevention of Genocide Booklet
(a) Killing members of the group;
(b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;
(c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;
(d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;
(e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.
The Convention confirms that genocide, whether committed in time of peace or war, is a crime under international law which parties to the Convention undertake “to prevent and to punish” (article 1). The primary responsibility to prevent and stop genocide lies with the State in which this crime takes place. Genocide often occurs in societies in which different national, racial, ethnic or religious groups become locked in identity-related conflicts. However, it is not the differences in identity per se that generate conflict, but rather the gross inequalities associated with those differences in terms of access to power and resources, social services, development opportunities and the enjoyment of fundamental rights and freedoms. It is often the targeted group’s reactions to these inequalities, and counter-reactions by the dominant group, that generate conflict that can escalate to genocide.
Page 4: United Nations Prevention of Genocide Booklet
Genocide in the 20th and 21st Century
This is only a sampling:
- 1904 - German government massacred over 81% of the population of the Hereros in southern Africa (65,000 out of a total population of 80,000).
- 1915 - Ottomans killed over one million Armenians attempting to completely eradicate (kill) all of the Armenians living in Turkey.
- 1919 - Ukrainians executed up to 250,000 Jews.
- early 1930s - Stalin of the Soviet Union purposely starved to death up to ten million Ukrainian people.
- late 1930s - Soviet Union shot and killed up to 500,000 people for political reasons (there is proof that in 1937-1938, sometimes up to 1000 persons were shot per day in Moscow alone).
- early 1940s - Nazi Holocaust killed nearly six million Jews by firing squad, burning alive, and poison gas.
- early 1940s - Germans executed up to 500,000 gypsies in an attempt to destroy them.
- 1950s - China attempted to destroy Buddhism in Tibet and killed thousands.
- 1965 - Indonesia killed 600,000 people accused of being "communist."
- late 1960s - Tutsi killed up to 300,000 Hutus in African nation of Burundi.
- since 1965 - over 100,000 Indians killed in Guatemala by military.
- late 1960s - thousands of Ibos in Nigeria were massacred or starved to death by the government.
- 1971 - up to three million Bengalis killed by the Pakistan government.
- 1972-1973 - Thousands of Ache Indians were tortured, enslaved, or killed by the Paraguayan government.
- late 1970s - up to three million Kampucheans killed by the Kmer Rouge.
- 1975 to present - up to 100,000 out of a total population of 600,000 East Timorans killed by Indonesian troops.
- 1980s - Thousands of Bahai have been tortured and killed in Iran and Middle East.
- 1990s – Tutsi in Rwanda
- 1990s - The Serbs targeted Bosniak and Croatian civilians
- 2003 to present - the Government of Sudan’s genocide against the Darfur
Introduction
The origins of genocide have been buried in the unrecorded past, existing throughout history and affecting all races of people and all nationalities. Genocide is defined by the Merriam-Webster dictionary as “…the deliberate and systematic destruction, in whole or in part, of a racial, political, or cultural group.” The word “genocide” contains the Greek word genos (meaning race, tribe, nation) and the Latin suffix cide (meaning killing), and was coined by a twentieth century Polish writer and attorney, Raphael Lemkin, who had escaped from the Nazi Regime during the Holocaust. He described the experience as “…a coordinated plan of different actions aiming at the destruction of essential foundations of the life of national groups with the aim of annihilating the groups themselves.”
Genocide has become an international human rights problem that has affected all races and all nationalities. The most infamous of all genocides was the Holocaust.
The term Holocaust means “sacrifice by fire” and refers to the Nazis’ merciless persecution and “…systematic destruction…” of the Jewish people under the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler. There were an estimated 11 million people killed during the Holocaust. Of those, six million were Jews. That was approximately two-thirds of all Jews living in Europe at that time. It is believed that there were as many as 1.1 million children were murdered during the Holocaust.
Hitler believed some people were racially inferior to others, and targeted Jews, Roma, homosexuals, Jehovah’s Witnesses, and individuals with disabilities, among others. Children were particularly vulnerable either because their parents belonged to an “undesirable” group or they were too small, unproductive and therefore useless, so they were put to death.
After many years of unspeakable suffering, the Holocaust was exposed and concentration camps liberated. The Holocaust gives us a startling view of how patriotic loyalty, peer pressure, fear, self-preservation, and blind obedience can destroy the human spirit.
The Holocaust was a horrific tragedy that continues to affect lives today. This historical catastrophe is an example of what can happen when people are intolerant of the differences in others.
Genocide has become an international human rights problem that has affected all races and all nationalities. The most infamous of all genocides was the Holocaust.
The term Holocaust means “sacrifice by fire” and refers to the Nazis’ merciless persecution and “…systematic destruction…” of the Jewish people under the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler. There were an estimated 11 million people killed during the Holocaust. Of those, six million were Jews. That was approximately two-thirds of all Jews living in Europe at that time. It is believed that there were as many as 1.1 million children were murdered during the Holocaust.
Hitler believed some people were racially inferior to others, and targeted Jews, Roma, homosexuals, Jehovah’s Witnesses, and individuals with disabilities, among others. Children were particularly vulnerable either because their parents belonged to an “undesirable” group or they were too small, unproductive and therefore useless, so they were put to death.
After many years of unspeakable suffering, the Holocaust was exposed and concentration camps liberated. The Holocaust gives us a startling view of how patriotic loyalty, peer pressure, fear, self-preservation, and blind obedience can destroy the human spirit.
The Holocaust was a horrific tragedy that continues to affect lives today. This historical catastrophe is an example of what can happen when people are intolerant of the differences in others.
Causes of World War II
After the horrors of World War I, Europe was in ill repair and the United States, although having weathered better than other countries, was not eager to embark upon another war. The Great Depression of the 1930’s caused suffering for millions and had taken a toll on the United States. Other countries had discontinued paying their debts to the United States, causing a feeling of betrayal and isolation.
Following World War I, Germany lost land and was ordered to pay reparations, which made many Germans bitter. Adolf Hitler, rising to power in this environment, inundated Germans with propaganda and touched them personally with messages of fears, hopes, and hatred, leading the German people to mirror those same sentiments. The Nazi philosophy, ideology and government policies appealed to the German people. In fulfilling his goal to unify Germany, Hitler would be assured of the support of his people while giving them a sense of nationalism and belonging. He believed Germans were part of a “superior” race and all other “inferiors” should be destroyed. Hitler planned to “systematically” conquer the world – expansionism, domination, Nazism.
World War II in Europe officially began on September 1, 1939, when Germany invaded Poland. Hitler also invaded Austria, Czechoslovakia. Japan, meanwhile, was also seeking expansion of its territory. Japan had already captured land in China, wanting to gain control of valuable resources. Japan was also attempting to gain territory in Russia.
It became evident that in order to stop Germany and Japan, the other countries had to form a united front. As various countries entered the war, they joined on one of two military – “The Axis Powers” (Germany, Japan, Italy, and smaller nations) or “The Allied Powers” (The United States, Soviet Union, France, and Britain).
World War II has been called the most destructive and widespread war in history. There were over 60 million lives lost during the war, which lasted about six years in Europe and longer in Asia. There were approximately 11 million lost lives during the Holocaust. 6 million were of Jewish decent and 5 million were Roman and other “undesirables.”
Though World War II resulted in the monumental loss of life, it also renewed the spirit of Americans, created new jobs (as production of needed war materials flourished), and ended the dictatorship of the Nazi Regime. After World War II, The United States and The Soviet Union became the leading national powers and the United Nations was formed to provide aid and support to countries around the world.
Following World War I, Germany lost land and was ordered to pay reparations, which made many Germans bitter. Adolf Hitler, rising to power in this environment, inundated Germans with propaganda and touched them personally with messages of fears, hopes, and hatred, leading the German people to mirror those same sentiments. The Nazi philosophy, ideology and government policies appealed to the German people. In fulfilling his goal to unify Germany, Hitler would be assured of the support of his people while giving them a sense of nationalism and belonging. He believed Germans were part of a “superior” race and all other “inferiors” should be destroyed. Hitler planned to “systematically” conquer the world – expansionism, domination, Nazism.
World War II in Europe officially began on September 1, 1939, when Germany invaded Poland. Hitler also invaded Austria, Czechoslovakia. Japan, meanwhile, was also seeking expansion of its territory. Japan had already captured land in China, wanting to gain control of valuable resources. Japan was also attempting to gain territory in Russia.
It became evident that in order to stop Germany and Japan, the other countries had to form a united front. As various countries entered the war, they joined on one of two military – “The Axis Powers” (Germany, Japan, Italy, and smaller nations) or “The Allied Powers” (The United States, Soviet Union, France, and Britain).
World War II has been called the most destructive and widespread war in history. There were over 60 million lives lost during the war, which lasted about six years in Europe and longer in Asia. There were approximately 11 million lost lives during the Holocaust. 6 million were of Jewish decent and 5 million were Roman and other “undesirables.”
Though World War II resulted in the monumental loss of life, it also renewed the spirit of Americans, created new jobs (as production of needed war materials flourished), and ended the dictatorship of the Nazi Regime. After World War II, The United States and The Soviet Union became the leading national powers and the United Nations was formed to provide aid and support to countries around the world.
The Holocaust
The Holocaust is the “systematic slaughter” of over 11 million people. (6 million were Jews, and 5 million “others,” including Roma, homosexuals, individuals with disabilities, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Poles, and Russians, among others) by Germans under the rule of Adolf Hitler.
The Holocaust occurred under Adolf Hitler’s rule in Germany, ending in 1945 when Germany was defeated by the Allied Powers of the United States, Great Britain, France, and he Soviet Union. During those years, despicable acts of persecution befell the Jews and others. They lost rights and privileges, businesses, property, and freedom before being sent to concentration camps, labor camps, and transit camps, where they were systematically murdered as part of “The Final Solution,” the Nazi term used for the elimination of the Jewish people.
The Holocaust occurred under Adolf Hitler’s rule in Germany, ending in 1945 when Germany was defeated by the Allied Powers of the United States, Great Britain, France, and he Soviet Union. During those years, despicable acts of persecution befell the Jews and others. They lost rights and privileges, businesses, property, and freedom before being sent to concentration camps, labor camps, and transit camps, where they were systematically murdered as part of “The Final Solution,” the Nazi term used for the elimination of the Jewish people.
The Holocaust represents the worst example of mass murder in history, but there have been many others, both before and since. Here are five.
Armenia
Beginning in 1915, ethnic Armenians living in the Ottoman Empire were rounded up, deported and executed on orders of the government.
The combination of massacres, forced deportation marches and deaths due to disease in concentration camps is estimated to have killed more than 1 million ethnic Armenians, Assyrians and Greeks between 1915 and 1923. |
CambodiaWhen the Khmer Rouge took control of the Cambodian government in 1975 they began a "re-education" campaign targeting political dissidents.
These citizens, including doctors, teachers and students suspected of receiving education were singled out for torture at the notorious Tuol Sleng prison. In the four years after they took power, between 1.7 and 2 million Cambodians died in the Khmer Rouge’s "Killing Fields." |
Rwanda
Civil war broke out in Rwanda in 1990, exacerbating tensions between the Tutsi minority and Hutu majority.
In 1994, returning from a round of talks, Rwandan President Juvenal Habyarimana was killed when his plane was shot down outside of the country’s capital, Kigali. Habyarimana’s death provided the spark for an organized campaign of violence against Tutsi and moderate Hutu civilians across the country. |
Bosnia
Beginning in 1991, Yugoslavia began to break up along ethnic lines.
When the republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bosnia) declared independence in 1992 the region quickly became the central theater of fighting. The Serbs targeted Bosniak and Croatian civilians in areas under their control in a campaign of ethnic cleansing. The war in Bosnia claimed the lives of an estimated 100,000 people. |
Darfur
Over a decade ago the Government of Sudan carried out genocide against Darfuri civilians, murdering 300,000 & displacing over 2 million people.
In addition to the ongoing crisis in Darfur, forces under the command of Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir have carried out attacks against civilians in the disputed Abyei territory, and the states of South Kordofan and Blue Nile. |
The Holocaust
After coming to power in 1933, Germany's Nazi Party implemented a highly organized strategy of persecution, murder and genocide aimed at ethnically "purifying" Germany, a plan Hitler called the “Final Solution”.
Six million Jews and five million Slavs, Roma, disabled, Jehovah’s Witnesses, homosexuals, and political and religious dissidents were killed during the Holocaust. |
General Information
Genocide in the 20th Century - The History Place
http://www.historyplace.com/worldhistory/genocide/index.html
Excellent source of death count statistics.
From Sideshow to Genocide: What is Genocide?
http://www.edwebproject.org/sideshow/genocide/index.html
Genocide - Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide
Prevent Genocide International
http://www.preventgenocide.org/
Established in 1998 asa global education and action network for the prevention of genocide and crimes against humanity. Geographic links to current genocide information.
United Nations Prevention of Genocide
http://www.un.org/en/preventgenocide/adviser/
Genocide in the 20th Century - The History Place
http://www.historyplace.com/worldhistory/genocide/index.html
Excellent source of death count statistics.
From Sideshow to Genocide: What is Genocide?
http://www.edwebproject.org/sideshow/genocide/index.html
Genocide - Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide
Prevent Genocide International
http://www.preventgenocide.org/
Established in 1998 asa global education and action network for the prevention of genocide and crimes against humanity. Geographic links to current genocide information.
United Nations Prevention of Genocide
http://www.un.org/en/preventgenocide/adviser/
Armenia
United to End Genocide: Armenia
http://endgenocide.org/learn/past-genocides/the-armenian-genocide/
Genocide in the 20th Century: Armenians in Turkey - 1915-1918 - 1,500,000 Deaths - The History Place
http://www.historyplace.com/worldhistory/genocide/armenians.htm
The Armenian Genocide
http://www.theforgotten.org/site/intro_eng.html
Includes excellent timeline and multimedia images.
The Armenian Genocide - Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Genocide
Armenian Genocide Research - Armenian National Institute
http://www.armenian-genocide.org/research.html
Monuments and memorials, photos, and chronology
Frequently Asked Questions about the Armenian Genocide
http://www.armenian-genocide.org/genocidefaq.html
Fact Sheet: Armenian Genocide
http://www.umd.umich.edu/dept/armenian/facts/genocide.html
Armenian Genocide - Armenian National Institute
http://www.armenian-genocide.org/genocide.html
Armenian Genocide - The Armenian Genocide Museum Institute
http://www.genocide-museum.am/eng/armenian_genocide.php
Armenian Genocide - The New York Times
http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/turkey/armenian_genocide/index.html
Q & A: Armenian Genocide Dispute
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6045182.stm
The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire : 1915-1916
http://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7/wwi/1915/bryce/
Excellent primary sources - letters, documents, etc.
Armenian Genocide History/Timeline
http://www.genocide1915.info/history/
Armenian Genocide - University of Minnesota Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies
http://www.chgs.umn.edu/histories/armenian/
Photo Collection of Armenian Genocide Armenian Genocide Museum Institute
http://www.genocide-museum.am/eng/photos_of_armenian_genocide.php
http://endgenocide.org/learn/past-genocides/the-armenian-genocide/
Genocide in the 20th Century: Armenians in Turkey - 1915-1918 - 1,500,000 Deaths - The History Place
http://www.historyplace.com/worldhistory/genocide/armenians.htm
The Armenian Genocide
http://www.theforgotten.org/site/intro_eng.html
Includes excellent timeline and multimedia images.
The Armenian Genocide - Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Genocide
Armenian Genocide Research - Armenian National Institute
http://www.armenian-genocide.org/research.html
Monuments and memorials, photos, and chronology
Frequently Asked Questions about the Armenian Genocide
http://www.armenian-genocide.org/genocidefaq.html
Fact Sheet: Armenian Genocide
http://www.umd.umich.edu/dept/armenian/facts/genocide.html
Armenian Genocide - Armenian National Institute
http://www.armenian-genocide.org/genocide.html
Armenian Genocide - The Armenian Genocide Museum Institute
http://www.genocide-museum.am/eng/armenian_genocide.php
Armenian Genocide - The New York Times
http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/turkey/armenian_genocide/index.html
Q & A: Armenian Genocide Dispute
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6045182.stm
The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire : 1915-1916
http://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7/wwi/1915/bryce/
Excellent primary sources - letters, documents, etc.
Armenian Genocide History/Timeline
http://www.genocide1915.info/history/
Armenian Genocide - University of Minnesota Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies
http://www.chgs.umn.edu/histories/armenian/
Photo Collection of Armenian Genocide Armenian Genocide Museum Institute
http://www.genocide-museum.am/eng/photos_of_armenian_genocide.php
Bosnia
United to End Genocide: Bosnia
http://endgenocide.org/learn/past-genocides/the-bosnian-war-and-srebrenica-genocide/
http://endgenocide.org/learn/past-genocides/the-bosnian-war-and-srebrenica-genocide/
- Bosnia Home Page
- Community of Bosnia Foundation Home Page
- The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
- BosNet
- Bill Ross Bosnia Page
- Ethnic Cleansing in the former Yugoslavia
- Human Rights Archives and Data on the Genocide in Bosnia
- Human Rights Watch - Bosnia and Herzegovina
- International Conflict Group Bosnia Project
- Sarajevo Charter Homepage
Cambodia
United to End Genocide: Cambodia
http://endgenocide.org/learn/past-genocides/the-cambodian-genocide/
Genocide in the 20th Century: Pol Pot in Cambodia 1975-1979 - 2,000,000 Deaths - The History Place
http://www.historyplace.com/worldhistory/genocide/pol-pot.htm
The Cambodian Genocide Program - Yale University
http://www.yale.edu/cgp/index.html
Cambodian Genocide - William Mitchell College of Law
http://worldwithoutgenocide.org/genocides-and-conflicts/cambodian-genocide
Genocide in Cambodia - Holocaust Museum Houston
http://www.hmh.org/ed_Genocide_Cambodia.shtml
Cambodian Genocide (Pol Pot) - 1975-1979 - 2,000,000 Deaths - Los Angeles Independent Media Center
http://www.la.indymedia.org/news/2008/09/220247_comment.php
From Sideshow to Genocide: Stories of the Cambodian Holocaust - Andrew Carvin
http://www.edwebproject.org/sideshow/
Talking about Genocide: Cambodia 1975
http://www.ppu.org.uk/genocide/g_cambodia.html
Learning about the Killing Fields - BBC News - March 1999
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/301673.stm
Long Wait for Killing Fields Justice - BBC News - October 2004
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/3716166.stm
Khmer Rouge - The New York Times - February 2011
http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/k/khmer_rouge/index.html
Statistics of Cambodian Genocide and Mass Murder: Estimates, Calculations, and Sources - Univ. of Hawaii
http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP4.HTM
http://endgenocide.org/learn/past-genocides/the-cambodian-genocide/
Genocide in the 20th Century: Pol Pot in Cambodia 1975-1979 - 2,000,000 Deaths - The History Place
http://www.historyplace.com/worldhistory/genocide/pol-pot.htm
The Cambodian Genocide Program - Yale University
http://www.yale.edu/cgp/index.html
Cambodian Genocide - William Mitchell College of Law
http://worldwithoutgenocide.org/genocides-and-conflicts/cambodian-genocide
Genocide in Cambodia - Holocaust Museum Houston
http://www.hmh.org/ed_Genocide_Cambodia.shtml
Cambodian Genocide (Pol Pot) - 1975-1979 - 2,000,000 Deaths - Los Angeles Independent Media Center
http://www.la.indymedia.org/news/2008/09/220247_comment.php
From Sideshow to Genocide: Stories of the Cambodian Holocaust - Andrew Carvin
http://www.edwebproject.org/sideshow/
Talking about Genocide: Cambodia 1975
http://www.ppu.org.uk/genocide/g_cambodia.html
Learning about the Killing Fields - BBC News - March 1999
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/301673.stm
Long Wait for Killing Fields Justice - BBC News - October 2004
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/3716166.stm
Khmer Rouge - The New York Times - February 2011
http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/k/khmer_rouge/index.html
Statistics of Cambodian Genocide and Mass Murder: Estimates, Calculations, and Sources - Univ. of Hawaii
http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP4.HTM
Darfur
United to End Genocide: Sudan
http://endgenocide.org/conflict-areas/sudan/
Sudan: A Nation Divided - BBC News - January 2006
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/africa/2004/sudan/default.stm
The Basic Facts about Darfur / Darfur for Dummies - Darfur Australia Network
http://www.darfuraustralia.org/darfur/basics
Darfur Genocide - William Mitchell College of Law
http://worldwithoutgenocide.org/genocides-and-conflicts/darfur-genocide
Ten Interesting Darfur Genocide Facts - InFact Collaborative
http://infactcollaborative.com/event/darfur-genocide-facts.html
Ten Darfur Genocide Facts
http://www.didyouknow-facts.com/war-facts/10-darfur-genocide-facts.html
Genocide in Darfur: How the Horror Began - Sudan Tribune, 3 Sept. 2005
http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article11445
Darfur Genocide - Jewish World Watch
http://www.jewishworldwatch.org/conflictareas/sudan/overview/sudan-genocide
Genocide in the Darfur Region of Sudan (2004-Present) - Holocaust Museum Houston
http://www.hmh.org/ed_Genocide_Darfur.shtml
War in Darfur
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Darfur
How Many Have Died in Darfur? - BBC News - February 2005
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4268733.stm
Genocide in Sudan
http://www.inthesetimes.com/site/main/article/genocide_in_sudan/
Witnessing Genocide in Sudan
http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/10/08/60minutes/main648277.shtml
Stopping Genocide: Sudan - CQ Researcher 27 August 2004 (Article from a Research Database)
http://library2.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/search.php?PHPSESSID=bd21b46c944d675effe75611851dfe28&fulltext=sudan&action=newsearch
Click on the Stopping Genocide article.
Sudan: The Quick and the Terrible - PBS.org
http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/sudan/facts.html
Genocide Facts: Darfur
http://humanrightsteam.org/educational-information/genocide-facts-darfur/
Powell Declares Genocide in Sudan - BBC News
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3641820.stm
U.S. Calls Killings in Sudan Genocide - Washington Post - Sept. 9, 2004
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A8364-2004Sep9.html
Slavery in Sudan - Religious Tolerance.org
http://www.religioustolerance.org/sla_sud.htm
Children in Darfur Tortured and Raped - 2007
http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/04/19/world/main2704000.shtml
The Art of War: Children Illustrate Darfur Atrocities
http://www.slate.com/id/2122730/
Map of Africa - A Continent Exhausted by War and Famine
http://mondediplo.com/maps/africamdv49
Darfur Information Center
http://www.darfurinfo.org/
Use links on the left for reports of Indigenous people, etc.
http://endgenocide.org/conflict-areas/sudan/
Sudan: A Nation Divided - BBC News - January 2006
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/africa/2004/sudan/default.stm
The Basic Facts about Darfur / Darfur for Dummies - Darfur Australia Network
http://www.darfuraustralia.org/darfur/basics
Darfur Genocide - William Mitchell College of Law
http://worldwithoutgenocide.org/genocides-and-conflicts/darfur-genocide
Ten Interesting Darfur Genocide Facts - InFact Collaborative
http://infactcollaborative.com/event/darfur-genocide-facts.html
Ten Darfur Genocide Facts
http://www.didyouknow-facts.com/war-facts/10-darfur-genocide-facts.html
Genocide in Darfur: How the Horror Began - Sudan Tribune, 3 Sept. 2005
http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article11445
Darfur Genocide - Jewish World Watch
http://www.jewishworldwatch.org/conflictareas/sudan/overview/sudan-genocide
Genocide in the Darfur Region of Sudan (2004-Present) - Holocaust Museum Houston
http://www.hmh.org/ed_Genocide_Darfur.shtml
War in Darfur
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Darfur
How Many Have Died in Darfur? - BBC News - February 2005
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4268733.stm
Genocide in Sudan
http://www.inthesetimes.com/site/main/article/genocide_in_sudan/
Witnessing Genocide in Sudan
http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/10/08/60minutes/main648277.shtml
Stopping Genocide: Sudan - CQ Researcher 27 August 2004 (Article from a Research Database)
http://library2.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/search.php?PHPSESSID=bd21b46c944d675effe75611851dfe28&fulltext=sudan&action=newsearch
Click on the Stopping Genocide article.
Sudan: The Quick and the Terrible - PBS.org
http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/sudan/facts.html
Genocide Facts: Darfur
http://humanrightsteam.org/educational-information/genocide-facts-darfur/
Powell Declares Genocide in Sudan - BBC News
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3641820.stm
U.S. Calls Killings in Sudan Genocide - Washington Post - Sept. 9, 2004
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A8364-2004Sep9.html
Slavery in Sudan - Religious Tolerance.org
http://www.religioustolerance.org/sla_sud.htm
Children in Darfur Tortured and Raped - 2007
http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/04/19/world/main2704000.shtml
The Art of War: Children Illustrate Darfur Atrocities
http://www.slate.com/id/2122730/
Map of Africa - A Continent Exhausted by War and Famine
http://mondediplo.com/maps/africamdv49
Darfur Information Center
http://www.darfurinfo.org/
Use links on the left for reports of Indigenous people, etc.
Holocaust
United to End Genocide: Holocaust
http://endgenocide.org/learn/past-genocides/the-holocaust/
Introduction to the Holocaust - U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005143
The Holocaust Explained - National Education Network
http://www.theholocaustexplained.org/ks4/
The Holocaust - About.com
http://history1900s.about.com/od/holocaust/tp/holocaust.htm
Holocaust Facts: What You Need to Know about the Holocaust - About.com
http://history1900s.about.com/od/holocaust/a/holocaustfacts.htm
Holocaust Timeline - History on the Net.com
http://www.historyonthenet.com/Chronology/timelineholocaust.htm
The Holocaust: A Tragic Legacy - ThinkQuest.com
http://library.thinkquest.org/12663/
A high quality site prepared for students by students.
World War II: The Holocaust - The Atlantic
http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2011/10/world-war-ii-the-holocaust/100170/
A history of the Holocaust in images.
The Holocaust: An Introductory History - Jewish Virtual Library
http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/history.html
The Holocaust - History.com
http://www.history.com/topics/the-holocaust
The Holocaust: Crimes, Heroes, and Villains
http://www.auschwitz.dk/
The Holocaust - Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust
The Holocaust - U.S. History.com
http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1677.html
http://endgenocide.org/learn/past-genocides/the-holocaust/
Introduction to the Holocaust - U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005143
The Holocaust Explained - National Education Network
http://www.theholocaustexplained.org/ks4/
The Holocaust - About.com
http://history1900s.about.com/od/holocaust/tp/holocaust.htm
Holocaust Facts: What You Need to Know about the Holocaust - About.com
http://history1900s.about.com/od/holocaust/a/holocaustfacts.htm
Holocaust Timeline - History on the Net.com
http://www.historyonthenet.com/Chronology/timelineholocaust.htm
The Holocaust: A Tragic Legacy - ThinkQuest.com
http://library.thinkquest.org/12663/
A high quality site prepared for students by students.
World War II: The Holocaust - The Atlantic
http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2011/10/world-war-ii-the-holocaust/100170/
A history of the Holocaust in images.
The Holocaust: An Introductory History - Jewish Virtual Library
http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/history.html
The Holocaust - History.com
http://www.history.com/topics/the-holocaust
The Holocaust: Crimes, Heroes, and Villains
http://www.auschwitz.dk/
The Holocaust - Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust
The Holocaust - U.S. History.com
http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1677.html
Rwanda
United to End Genocide: Rwanda
http://endgenocide.org/learn/past-genocides/the-rwandan-genocide/
The Rwandan Genocide - History.com
http://www.history.com/topics/rwandan-genocide
Rwanda Genocide - A Short History of the Rwanda Genocide
http://history1900s.about.com/od/rwandangenocide/a/Rwanda-Genocide.htm
Rwandan Genocide - William Mitchell College of Law
http://worldwithoutgenocide.org/genocides-and-conflicts/rwandan-genocide
Genocide in the 20th Century: Rwanda 1994 - 800,000 Deaths - The History Place
http://www.historyplace.com/worldhistory/genocide/rwanda.htm
Rwandan Genocide - Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_Genocide
Rwanda: How the Genocide Happened - BBC News - April 2004
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1288230.stm
Timeline: 100 Days of Genocide - Rwanda - BBC News
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3580247.stm
Timeline - Rwanda - BBC News - October 2010
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1070329.stm
Includes complete chronology.
Rwanda Genocide Timeline
http://history1900s.about.com/od/rwandangenocide/a/Rwanda-Genocide-Timeline.htm
Witness To Evil: Roméo Dallaire and Rwanda
http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/war-conflict/peacekeeping/witness-to-evil-romeo-dallaire-and-rwanda/topic---witness-to-evil-romeo-dallaire-and-rwanda.html
When Good Men Do Nothing - Australian Broadcasting Corporation
http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/stories/s20012.htm
Talking About Genocide/Genocides - Rwanda 1994 - Peace Pledge Union
http://www.ppu.org.uk/genocide/g_rwanda.html
The Triumph of Evil: How the West Ignored Warnings of the 1994 Rwanda Genocide and Turned its Back on the Victims - PBS
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/evil/
Ghosts of Rwanda
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/ghosts/
Rwanda: The Wake of a Genocide
http://www.rwanda-genocide.org/
Rwandan Genocide - The New York Times
http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/news/international/countriesandterritories/rwanda/genocide/index.html
Human Rights Overview - Rwanda - Human Rights Watch
http://hrw.org/english/docs/2005/01/13/rwanda9860.htm
http://endgenocide.org/learn/past-genocides/the-rwandan-genocide/
The Rwandan Genocide - History.com
http://www.history.com/topics/rwandan-genocide
Rwanda Genocide - A Short History of the Rwanda Genocide
http://history1900s.about.com/od/rwandangenocide/a/Rwanda-Genocide.htm
Rwandan Genocide - William Mitchell College of Law
http://worldwithoutgenocide.org/genocides-and-conflicts/rwandan-genocide
Genocide in the 20th Century: Rwanda 1994 - 800,000 Deaths - The History Place
http://www.historyplace.com/worldhistory/genocide/rwanda.htm
Rwandan Genocide - Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_Genocide
Rwanda: How the Genocide Happened - BBC News - April 2004
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1288230.stm
Timeline: 100 Days of Genocide - Rwanda - BBC News
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3580247.stm
Timeline - Rwanda - BBC News - October 2010
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1070329.stm
Includes complete chronology.
Rwanda Genocide Timeline
http://history1900s.about.com/od/rwandangenocide/a/Rwanda-Genocide-Timeline.htm
Witness To Evil: Roméo Dallaire and Rwanda
http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/war-conflict/peacekeeping/witness-to-evil-romeo-dallaire-and-rwanda/topic---witness-to-evil-romeo-dallaire-and-rwanda.html
When Good Men Do Nothing - Australian Broadcasting Corporation
http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/stories/s20012.htm
Talking About Genocide/Genocides - Rwanda 1994 - Peace Pledge Union
http://www.ppu.org.uk/genocide/g_rwanda.html
The Triumph of Evil: How the West Ignored Warnings of the 1994 Rwanda Genocide and Turned its Back on the Victims - PBS
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/evil/
Ghosts of Rwanda
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/ghosts/
Rwanda: The Wake of a Genocide
http://www.rwanda-genocide.org/
Rwandan Genocide - The New York Times
http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/news/international/countriesandterritories/rwanda/genocide/index.html
Human Rights Overview - Rwanda - Human Rights Watch
http://hrw.org/english/docs/2005/01/13/rwanda9860.htm